How does urban development typically impact soil quality?

• A. By enhancing soil structure and biodiversity
• B. By introducing more green spaces
• C. By causing soil sealing, compaction, and loss of arable land
• D. By improving drainage and aeration

Answer: (C)

Urban development has a significant impact on soil quality, primarily through the processes of soil sealing, compaction, and the loss of arable land. When urban areas are developed, surfaces such as roads, buildings, and parking lots are created, which leads to soil sealing. This process prevents water infiltration, reducing the soil's ability to absorb moisture and nutrients that are essential for sustaining plant life.

Additionally, the construction and heavy machinery used in urban development can compact the soil, altering its physical structure. Compaction reduces pore space in the soil, leading to poor aeration and drainage, which can adversely affect root growth and limit the microbial activity necessary for soil health.

Moreover, as urban areas expand, they often encroach upon agricultural land, leading to a reduction in the amount of arable soil available for farming. This loss can result in decreased food production and increased reliance on imported goods, further impacting local economies and ecosystems.

In contrast, the other choices imply positive effects on soil quality. However, urban development typically brings about negative consequences for soil that challenge its natural processes and ability to support ecosystems.